For some, working from home is distracting and draining. But one pioneering study that has new relevance found that working from home one day a week boosted output by 13%.
This story is from Curing Our Positivity Problem, an episode of BBC Sounds. It was presented by Sangita Myska and produced by Sarah Shebbeare. To listen to more episodes of BBC Sounds, click here. Adapted by Bryan Lufkin.
Amid the Covid-19 crisis, working from home has become run of the mill for many. But even as remote work has normalized, it's a recent development: doing your job from your couch was less mainstream before the coronavirus – and even stigmatized.
"Have you punched into Google image search, 'working from home', and looked at the top 20 images? A guy was drinking in what looks like a jacuzzi. I mean, almost none of them are positive images," says Nicholas Bloom, a professor at Stanford University in California. He's made a career out of studying work practices, including remote work. And he thinks the attitudes around working from home are finally changing.
"One silver lining with the COVID pandemic: it's going to kickstart working from home [moving from the] fringe to a mainstream technology that is commonly used across the country," he says. That process is already underway; firms, including Fujitsu and Twitter, have already announced plans to make remote work a permanent option, even after the pandemic.
A study Bloom did back in 2013 somewhat forecast this trend: in his experiment, Bloom worked with a Chinese company to study remote-work productivity. Somewhat to Bloom's surprise, the company's staff became notably more productive by working from home four days a week.
Now, six months into the global pandemic, an increasing number of companies are asking: should we work from home indefinitely? And if they do decide to make major organizational changes about remote work, could they see similar leaps in productivity?
The experiment
Bloom's experiment began when James Liang, CEO of Trip.com Group (formerly called Ctrip) – the largest online travel agency in China, founded in 1999 – ended up in one of Bloom's graduate classes at Stanford. Liang mentioned to Bloom how expensive Shanghai real estate was and how the costs of maintaining company headquarters were huge and that he was thinking of letting his staff work from home because of it.
This piqued Bloom's interest, whose work has long centered around the question of whether big successful companies could support home working and still be productive, and the two teamed up to find out.
First, they divvied up 1,000 Ctrip employees who volunteered for the study into two teams, separated by birth dates. Those born on even days got to work from home four out of five weekdays for the next nine months. Those born on odd days stayed in the office all week long.
Then the two teams were tracked. It was easy to do, as these workers had repetitive, straightforward tasks that could easily be quantified, and whose productivity could easily be measured – making bookings in the system or making phone calls, for example. Nine months passed, and Bloom and Liang discovered workers were 13% more productive at home. That surprised Bloom, who was expecting that efficiency might have dipped, which would have been the trade-off to saving money on office space.
Nine months passed, and Bloom and Liang discovered workers were 13% more productive at home. That surprised Bloom, who was expecting that efficiency might have dipped, which would have been the trade-off to saving money on office space.
Of that 13% increased output, around 4% of it came from workers being able to cram in more tasks per minute due to fewer distractions. (Bloom says one employee said she was relieved to be spared watching her cubicle-mate clip her toenails at her desk.) The remaining 9% was attributed to workers working more minutes per shift. Bloom says this is because commutes were eliminated entirely, lunch breaks were shorter, and fewer workers took sick days.
After the nine-month-long experiment, Liang ended up rolling out a WFH option permanently. Bloom says he re-interviewed the people who worked from home during the study and then worked from home again after it became policy. He said that half of the workers changed their tune, saying it was harder this time around, reporting feelings of isolation. But for the other half who remained at home, Bloom says they got even more productive: "their productivity went up by over 20%."
Important variables
Bloom's data suggests staff could become much more productive while working from the home long term – but it's not so straightforward.
In the Ctrip experiment, there were caveats as to who could take part in the first place. Participants had to meet three requirements:
- Have no kids.
- Have a room that wasn't their bedroom.
- Have quality broadband internet on equipment the firm installed for them at home.
So there's no guarantee that says, parents working from home or those without access to fast internet would see those productivity boosts.
There's no guarantee that parents working from home or those without access to fast internet would see those productivity boosts.
Lynda Grattan, a professor at London Business School specializing in the future of work, flags up other points; Bloom's experiment was easy to carry out because it was mostly happening at a call center. "We have no proper data on the productivity of knowledge workers when they're based at home," she says. (In other words, workers whose day-to-day isn't as repetitive with countable tasks.) However, she says that in her experience with executives during the pandemic, most have said their knowledge workers have become more productive.
Grattan also highlights the inequality that becomes visible with remote work. It's harder to be productive when you're in a less-than-ideal living situation, like a cramped flat with no home office. Remember, those in Bloom's study had room to work in that wasn't their bedroom. For many people, that is not the case.
Feeling disconnected
There's also the question of the effects of physically seeing colleagues. It's an important consideration, because if large-scale working from home becomes a reality, you may never see your colleagues in person again. Your day to day could be Zoom calls – or even virtual on-screen avatars that replace your face, says Grattan.
But it's vital to have those face-to-face interactions, says Grattan. She doesn't think all offices in the world could do what Ctrip did. She says that in many offices, "serendipity is important: bumping into people, they're seeing people in the corridor. Quite a lot of the ways that we make decisions in organizations aren't made in meetings. They're made in the corridors".
Eddie Obeng, the founder of Pentacle, a virtual business school, says he's concerned about remote workers' feelings of isolation and loneliness, in the absence of those essential personal interactions. It's a point reinforced by Christy Johnson, who runs a US-based consulting company staffed entirely by remote workers. She says that isolation was the most significant source of staff turnover during her first year. She tries to organize annual in-person meetings to compensate for this loss of in-person interaction, which could weaken morale or slow productivity. She also tries to replicate ad-hoc conversations on Friday afternoons about people's fun plans for the weekend and the way people speak on a Friday afternoon in a real office.
Even Bloom says that that one day a week in the office is vital for team cohesion and human interaction.
He thinks that the gains we could get from widespread WFH – pandemic or not – are essential, and the pros outweigh the cons. "In the long run, I think it's huge. Imagine: we go to something like 20% of our days are spent working from home. That's 20% less commuting. That's the ability to live further out of city centers to reorganize our lives [and] have quiet tranquillity. So yes, I think it's an enormous benefit," he says. "If we get it right."